The influence of attics space geometrical shape on ignition and flashover stages in residential building fires in dense settlements
Article Sidebar
Published:
Dec 31, 2022
Keywords:
Attic, Dense settlements, Residential house fires, Space
Main Article Content
Abstract
As an artificial physical place, residential building is formed by various functional spaces, such as residential space and the space between the ceiling space and the roof, i.e. the attics. The phenomenon of fires in residential buildings in densely populated areas is suspected of having occurred in the attics. Hitherto, research on the fire space model concerning the stages of ignition and flashover usually employs the Steckler's compartment model in the form of a cube/box. On the contrary, the fire model with a triangular roof shape is still rarely studied. The purpose of this study was to analyse the influence of the geometric shape of the attics on the ignition and flashover stages in residential fires located in densely populated settlements. This study employs an experimental method by conducting scaled experiments of the geometric model of the ceiling space in the form of a triangular gable roof and shed roof, focusing on the ignition and flashover stages. The results showed that the ignition stage in the gable roof and shed roof models occurred in the 3rd and 4th minutes with a temperature ranging from 270 ⁰C- 476 ⁰C. The flashover stage also occurred in the 5th to 9th minute with regular results close to 500 ⁰C.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
Article Details
How to Cite
Rahmat, Amat. 2022. “The Influence of Attics Space Geometrical Shape on Ignition and Flashover Stages in Residential Building Fires in Dense Settlements”. ARTEKS : Jurnal Teknik Arsitektur 7 (3), 409-20. https://doi.org/10.30822/arteks.v7i3.1914.
Section
ARTICLES-RESEARCH
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms: (1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal; (2) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal; (3) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
References
Ching, Francis D. K. 2014. Architecture: Form, Space, and Order. 4th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Willey and Sons. https://archive.org/details/architecture-form-space-and-order-4th-edition-pdfdrive/page/n5/mode/2up.
CNN Indonesia. 2021. ‘17.768 Kebakaran Di 2021, 5.274 Di Antaranya Akibat Korsleting’. Cnnindonesia.Com. 2021. https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20220301134907-20-765357/17768-kebakaran-di-2021-5274-di-antaranya-akibat-korsleting#:~:text=Sebanyak 17.768 kasus kebakaran terjadi,kejadian kebakaran di seluruh Indonesia.
Cvetković, Vladimir M., Aleksandar Dragašević, Darko Protić, Bojan Janković, Neda Nikolić, and Predrag Milošević. 2022. ‘Fire Safety Behavior Model for Residential Buildings: Implications for Disaster Risk Reduction’. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 76 (June): 102981. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.102981.
Drysdale, Dougal. 2011. An Introduction to Fire Dynamics. 3rd ed. Chichester [West Sussex]: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119975465.
Dwisusanto, Yohanes Basuki, and Hermawan. 2020. ‘The Role and Meaning of Fireplace in Karangtengah Hamlet Settlement, Banjarnegara: A Study of the Spatial Pattern of Pawon and Kinship’. ARTEKS : Jurnal Teknik Arsitektur 5 (3): 479–88. https://doi.org/10.30822/arteks.v5i3.609.
Friedman, Raymond. 1998. Principles of Fire Protection Chemistry and Physics. 3rd ed. Quincy, Massachusetts, U.S: National Fire Protection Association.
Fu, Eugene Yujun, Wai Cheong Tam, Jun Wang, Richard Peacock, Paul A Reneke, Grace Ngai, Hong Va Leong, and Thomas Cleary. 2021. ‘Predicting Flashover Occurrence Using Surrogate Temperature Data’. Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 35 (17): 14785–94. https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v35i17.17736.
Hutomo, Cahyo, Agus Ekomadyo Ekomadyo, and Muchi Juma Ameir. 2020. ‘Mandate (Credential) as Mitigation Culture on Local Community of Sindang Barang’. ARTEKS : Jurnal Teknik Arsitektur 5 (1): 101–14. https://doi.org/10.30822/arteks.v5i1.283.
Kodur, Venkatesh, Puneet Kumar, and Muhammad Masood Rafi. 2020. ‘Fire Hazard in Buildings: Review, Assessment and Strategies for Improving Fire Safety’. PSU Research Review 4 (1): 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1108/PRR-12-2018-0033.
Lemmertz, Calisa Katiuscia. 2019. ‘Improved Correlations for Predicting Hot Gas Layer Temperature in a Pre-Flashover Compartment Fire Considering Heat Source Location’. UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL. https://lume.ufrgs.br/bitstream/handle/10183/197076/001095937.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
Lirola, Juan M., Estéfana Castañeda, Benito Lauret, and Mohamed Khayet. 2017. ‘A Review on Experimental Research Using Scale Models for Buildings: Application and Methodologies’. Energy and Buildings 142 (May): 72–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.02.060.
Mvogo, Philippe Onguene, Olivier Zatao Samedi, Patrice Changement, Justin Tégawendé Zaida, Wolfgang Nzie, Henri Ekobena Fouda, and Ruben Mouangue. 2022. ‘Investigative Study on Convective Heat Transfer inside Compartment during Fire Situation’. Edited by Sergey M. Frolov. Journal of Combustion 2022 (July): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6559812.
NFPA 01. 2021. ‘Fire Code’. NFPA National Fire Codes. 2021. http://codesonline.nfpa.org.
NFPA 555. 2021. ‘Guide on Methods for Evaluating Potential for Room Flashover’. NFPA National Fire Codes. 2021. http://codesonline.nfpa.org.
Patterson, James. 1993. Simplified Design for Building Fire Safety. New York: Wiley.
Quintiere, J.G., Allison C. Carey, Lenwood Reeves, and Lee K. McCarthy. 2017. ‘Scale Modeling in Fire Reconstruction’. United States. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/250920.pdf.
Rahmat, Amat, Eddy Prianto, and Setia Budi Sasongko. 2017. ‘Studi Pengaruh Penutup Atap Terhadap Kondisi Termal Pada Pada Ruang Atap’. Jurnal Arsitektur ARCADE 1 (1): 35. https://doi.org/10.31848/arcade.v1i1.12.
Steckler, K.D., J.G. Quintiere, and W.J. Rinkinen. 1982. ‘Flow Induced by Fire in a Compartment’. Symposium (International) on Combustion 19 (1): 913–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0082-0784(82)80267-1.
Torero, José L. 2013. ‘Scaling-Up Fire’. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 34 (1): 99–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2012.09.007.
Walton, William D., Philip H. Thomas, and Yoshifumi Ohmiya. 2016. ‘Estimating Temperatures in Compartment Fires’. In SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, 996–1023. New York, NY: Springer New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2565-0_30.
Zeinali, Davood, Steven Verstockt, Tarek Beji, Georgios Maragkos, Joris Degroote, and Bart Merci. 2018. ‘Experimental Study of Corner Fires—Part I: Inert Panel Tests’. Combustion and Flame 189 (March): 472–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2017.09.034.
Zhang, Tianhang, Zilong Wang, Ho Yin Wong, Wai Cheong Tam, Xinyan Huang, and Fu Xiao. 2022. ‘Real-Time Forecast of Compartment Fire and Flashover Based on Deep Learning’. Fire Safety Journal 130 (June): 103579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2022.103579.
Zhang, Yongwang, and Lu Wang. 2021. ‘Research on Flashover Prediction Method of Large-Space Timber Structures in a Fire’. Materials 14 (19): 5515. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14195515.
CNN Indonesia. 2021. ‘17.768 Kebakaran Di 2021, 5.274 Di Antaranya Akibat Korsleting’. Cnnindonesia.Com. 2021. https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20220301134907-20-765357/17768-kebakaran-di-2021-5274-di-antaranya-akibat-korsleting#:~:text=Sebanyak 17.768 kasus kebakaran terjadi,kejadian kebakaran di seluruh Indonesia.
Cvetković, Vladimir M., Aleksandar Dragašević, Darko Protić, Bojan Janković, Neda Nikolić, and Predrag Milošević. 2022. ‘Fire Safety Behavior Model for Residential Buildings: Implications for Disaster Risk Reduction’. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 76 (June): 102981. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.102981.
Drysdale, Dougal. 2011. An Introduction to Fire Dynamics. 3rd ed. Chichester [West Sussex]: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119975465.
Dwisusanto, Yohanes Basuki, and Hermawan. 2020. ‘The Role and Meaning of Fireplace in Karangtengah Hamlet Settlement, Banjarnegara: A Study of the Spatial Pattern of Pawon and Kinship’. ARTEKS : Jurnal Teknik Arsitektur 5 (3): 479–88. https://doi.org/10.30822/arteks.v5i3.609.
Friedman, Raymond. 1998. Principles of Fire Protection Chemistry and Physics. 3rd ed. Quincy, Massachusetts, U.S: National Fire Protection Association.
Fu, Eugene Yujun, Wai Cheong Tam, Jun Wang, Richard Peacock, Paul A Reneke, Grace Ngai, Hong Va Leong, and Thomas Cleary. 2021. ‘Predicting Flashover Occurrence Using Surrogate Temperature Data’. Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 35 (17): 14785–94. https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v35i17.17736.
Hutomo, Cahyo, Agus Ekomadyo Ekomadyo, and Muchi Juma Ameir. 2020. ‘Mandate (Credential) as Mitigation Culture on Local Community of Sindang Barang’. ARTEKS : Jurnal Teknik Arsitektur 5 (1): 101–14. https://doi.org/10.30822/arteks.v5i1.283.
Kodur, Venkatesh, Puneet Kumar, and Muhammad Masood Rafi. 2020. ‘Fire Hazard in Buildings: Review, Assessment and Strategies for Improving Fire Safety’. PSU Research Review 4 (1): 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1108/PRR-12-2018-0033.
Lemmertz, Calisa Katiuscia. 2019. ‘Improved Correlations for Predicting Hot Gas Layer Temperature in a Pre-Flashover Compartment Fire Considering Heat Source Location’. UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL. https://lume.ufrgs.br/bitstream/handle/10183/197076/001095937.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
Lirola, Juan M., Estéfana Castañeda, Benito Lauret, and Mohamed Khayet. 2017. ‘A Review on Experimental Research Using Scale Models for Buildings: Application and Methodologies’. Energy and Buildings 142 (May): 72–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.02.060.
Mvogo, Philippe Onguene, Olivier Zatao Samedi, Patrice Changement, Justin Tégawendé Zaida, Wolfgang Nzie, Henri Ekobena Fouda, and Ruben Mouangue. 2022. ‘Investigative Study on Convective Heat Transfer inside Compartment during Fire Situation’. Edited by Sergey M. Frolov. Journal of Combustion 2022 (July): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6559812.
NFPA 01. 2021. ‘Fire Code’. NFPA National Fire Codes. 2021. http://codesonline.nfpa.org.
NFPA 555. 2021. ‘Guide on Methods for Evaluating Potential for Room Flashover’. NFPA National Fire Codes. 2021. http://codesonline.nfpa.org.
Patterson, James. 1993. Simplified Design for Building Fire Safety. New York: Wiley.
Quintiere, J.G., Allison C. Carey, Lenwood Reeves, and Lee K. McCarthy. 2017. ‘Scale Modeling in Fire Reconstruction’. United States. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/250920.pdf.
Rahmat, Amat, Eddy Prianto, and Setia Budi Sasongko. 2017. ‘Studi Pengaruh Penutup Atap Terhadap Kondisi Termal Pada Pada Ruang Atap’. Jurnal Arsitektur ARCADE 1 (1): 35. https://doi.org/10.31848/arcade.v1i1.12.
Steckler, K.D., J.G. Quintiere, and W.J. Rinkinen. 1982. ‘Flow Induced by Fire in a Compartment’. Symposium (International) on Combustion 19 (1): 913–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0082-0784(82)80267-1.
Torero, José L. 2013. ‘Scaling-Up Fire’. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 34 (1): 99–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2012.09.007.
Walton, William D., Philip H. Thomas, and Yoshifumi Ohmiya. 2016. ‘Estimating Temperatures in Compartment Fires’. In SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, 996–1023. New York, NY: Springer New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2565-0_30.
Zeinali, Davood, Steven Verstockt, Tarek Beji, Georgios Maragkos, Joris Degroote, and Bart Merci. 2018. ‘Experimental Study of Corner Fires—Part I: Inert Panel Tests’. Combustion and Flame 189 (March): 472–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2017.09.034.
Zhang, Tianhang, Zilong Wang, Ho Yin Wong, Wai Cheong Tam, Xinyan Huang, and Fu Xiao. 2022. ‘Real-Time Forecast of Compartment Fire and Flashover Based on Deep Learning’. Fire Safety Journal 130 (June): 103579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2022.103579.
Zhang, Yongwang, and Lu Wang. 2021. ‘Research on Flashover Prediction Method of Large-Space Timber Structures in a Fire’. Materials 14 (19): 5515. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14195515.