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Algorithmic approaches toward information-based urban form
This study explores the potential of using information flow as a spatial generator in urban architecture, through an algorithmic approach that emphasises relational thinking and adaptability in shaping the built environment. Bridging computational design and ecological paradigms, it reframes architecture as a medium for information exchange in the second machine age. The proposed method employs algorithmic processes Cellular Automata and Swarm Intelligence to generate dynamic spatial systems that address the logistical complexities of urban contexts. Applied to real urban sites, the CA-SI workflow reveals aggregation fields, directional gradients, and distributed trajectories that converge into five recurrent network topologies: annular, co-linear, co-vertex, diffused plane, and intersectional plane. These swarm networks prioritise relationships and interactions over isolated forms and foster a self-organising and metabolistic nature of urban networks. The findings indicate that information-driven spatial tendencies interact with and reorganise existing material conditions, which result in a co-constituted physical–digital field understood as multispace. This interplay highlights both the generative potential and interpretive limits of computational abstraction. By integrating modular and scalable components that dynamically respond to spatial and informational demands, the study offers a morphogenetic approach to urban architecture and positions information as a driver of adaptive and interconnected urban ecosystems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Leonardo Dillon, Yandi Andri Yatmo, Paramita Atmodiwirjo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The sacred and secular: Design analysis on Chinese Culture Columbaria in this modern era
This paper examines the interior architectural design of columbaria and its impact on spiritual development within contemporary Chinese society. In a secularized world where traditional cemeteries are often seen as unwelcoming, columbaria offer a modern alternative for the interment of the deceased. This study aims to explore how columbarium design can create a meaningful sense of place and fulfill spiritual needs, addressing a gap in research between sacred and secular with the design of the columbarium. Through literature reviews and a case study on Penang’s columbaria, the paper documents how elements of design approaches can determine if the space leans more into the sacred or the secular. The paper will conclude that by determining the factors of scared and secular design approaches, future design of columbarium can be more mindful in balancing a space to be both a sacred space to foster spiritual connection and a secular one to be more relatable with society, a secular space with sacred qualities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Elizabeth Kwoh, Hakimi Ahmad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Pedestrian pathways along Tunjungan Street, Surabaya
This study seeks to investigate the functioning of pedestrian urban spaces as components of threshold environments, grounded in the theoretical framework of urban interiority. It addresses issues and phenomena associated with the use of pedestrian spaces, not solely as corridors for movement but as dynamic settings that accommodate diverse forms of urban social interaction. The research aims to clarify how threshold spaces operate as spatial mechanisms that enable social activities within the context of urban interiority. Utilizing a qualitative case study method, this research concentrates on the Tunjungan Corridor, a prominent street in Surabaya, to illustrate the ambiguous condition of the threshold between interior and exterior urban spaces as a unified spatial experience. The study involves mapping and drawing several segments of pedestrian space to demonstrate the emergence of threshold spaces as integral components of urban interiority. The findings offer a nuanced interpretation of the spatial operations of pedestrian environments as threshold spaces, examined through five principal elements: spatial design, spatial function, spatial definition, spatial structure (form and order), and spatial sequence. These findings contribute to a broader understanding of space design grounded in urban interiority and provide a reference framework for future spatial operations in pedestrian-oriented design.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nathanael Nyoto, Bramasta Putra Redyantanu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The heterotopia of urban Kampung in Jakarta: Revealing the other pattern through mapping
This paper aims to understand the kampung as the informal fabric. Investigation into its patterns examines the relationship between informal and formal based on composition and proportion, while clarifying ‘the other’s’ perspective. As an architectural theory, heterotopia presents an analogy to stimulate new interpretations. As a study, the pattern updates the current condition of the kampung, while questioning the modern planning perspective. Qualitative and quantitative methods are combined to explain the pattern by producing maps as diagrams. Samples are extracted to highlight the kampung collective form as a dominant spatial configuration in Jakarta. Through calculation and projection, the research discovers a new kampung gesture; an informal aggregate that leads to the latest urban transformation of the kampung as the ephemeral of architecture. The novelty is a new understanding of the kampung's distinctive figure and computation both as architecture and urban fabric. As a result, the kampung pattern suggests a combination of organic and semi-planned formation in the city, a hybrid nexus that grows and adapts according to its existing context.
Copyright (c) 2026 Denny Husin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Determining the feasibility of implementing a construction project at the pre-investment stage
The present study is aimed at determining the feasibility of implementing a construction project at the stage of re-investment based on the principles of development in Ukraine. The study included a survey that helped identify the key factors of investment budget overruns, as well as economic modelling of construction projects, which helped identify the relationship between risks and financial performance. The data obtained were analysed using correlation analysis to assess the impact of development principles on the effectiveness of management decisions. The study found that a significant number of construction projects face risks that exceed the originally planned budget. The main factors affecting budget overruns were changes in the regulatory environment, underestimation of materials and labour costs, and unpredictable external economic factors. Economic modelling has shown that companies that implement development principles can reduce the risk of budget overruns compared to those that do not. This indicates a significant positive impact of development on management decisions. The correlation analysis revealed a strong correlation between the implementation of development principles and the growth of return on investment. Companies that have implemented these principles have recorded an increase in profitability compared to similar projects that have not used these approaches. The application of development principles helped to make more informed investment decisions. The results of the study highlight the importance of integrating development principles into the management strategies of construction companies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mykhailo Malykhin, Oleksii Molodko, Viktor Pylypchuk, Aleksiy Tugay, Oleksandr Dubynka https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Integration of virtual reality and heritage BIM for the preservation of buried cultural heritage Temples in Yogyakarta
This research is based on the phenomenon of the discovery of temple artifacts as cultural heritage, which are often found in the Yogyakarta region at a depth of approximately 2 to 7 meters from the surface, with the location of the discovery varying from rice fields, settlements, to areas that have been planned in the master plan for development. This condition causes problems in the form of incompleteness in the restoration process, due to limitations in space, resources, and connectivity with the surrounding area context. On the other hand, various countries have proven the success of the application of digital technology in supporting the preservation of cultural heritage, but in Indonesia, especially in the case of buried temples, its application is still limited. This study aims to reveal the role of digital technology, specifically virtual reality (VR) applications, in supporting cultural heritage preservation efforts in the case of buried temples in Yogyakarta. The research method uses a qualitative approach with an architectural case study, which combines literature review, field observation, and interpretive analysis of the potential use of VR and Heritage BIM integration in the context of preservation. The research results show that VR and HBIM technology play a significant role in presenting three-dimensional visual representations that are able to strengthen public understanding, education, and immersive experiences, so that the preservation of buried temple cultural heritage can be realized in a more meaningful, sustainable, and adaptive manner to the challenges of modern development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmad Saifudin Mutaqi, Ariadi Susanto, Purnama Salura, Reginaldo Christopori Lake, L. M. F. Purwanto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Architectural settings as ritual spaces in Bayan: Harmony of cultural traditions and spatial experience
This study highlights the role of architectural settings as sacred spaces in the ritual practices of the Bayan community in Lombok, Indonesia. The research focuses on three key rituals: Menggawe Menyunat, which signifies human relationships through the coming-of-age ceremony for Bayan boys; Ngaji Makem Ngaturang Ula Kayang, representing human connection with nature as an expression of gratitude for agricultural bounty; and Maulid Adat, symbolizing human bonds with God during the commemoration of Prophet Muhammad's birth. Using a qualitative case study approach, the research integrates field observations, in-depth interviews, and literature analysis to reveal the function, hierarchy, and transformation of ritual spaces such as Masjid Kuno Bayan Beleq, traditional houses, and the sacred pathway Rurung Agung. The findings demonstrate that these architectural settings are not merely venues for rituals but embody the spiritual, cultural, and ecological symbolism of the Bayan community. This article contributes to the discourse on sacred architecture and the preservation of traditional culture amidst modern challenges.
Copyright (c) 2026 Vincentia Reni Vitasurya, Gregorius Agung Setyonugroho, Anna Pudianti, Lucia Asdra Rudwiarti, Wakita Yoshihisa, Hideo Shiraishi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Otih ka Kaleh Wabla: The intentionality of consciousness within multi-functional spatial configurations in Makaling
Makaling Village, located in South Papua Province, exhibits multi-functional spatial characteristics that operate on two scales: micro and meso. The village is inhabited by the Coastal Malind, a sub-tribe of the Malind Anim, whose spatial practices generate distinctive multi-functional spatial phenomena. In contemporary urban contexts, the concept of multifunctionality and the pursuit of modernity often require flexible spatial arrangements to accommodate diverse activities within a single space. This tendency is largely driven by the limitations of land availability amid increasing population pressure and escalating spatial demands. In contrast, rural settlements such as Makaling reveal a different manifestation of multifunctionality known as kamem la sai, which embodies deeper spatial and cultural layers beyond what is physically perceptible. This phenomenon is rooted in a local philosophical concept referred to as otih ka kaleh wabla. The study employs eidetic reduction analysis within the framework of Husserl’s transcendental phenomenological qualitative research. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and direct field observations, leading to the identification of several observation units, thematic structures, and conceptual layers each corresponding to stages of phenomenological reduction. The primary objective of this research is to articulate the intentional awareness inherent in the kamem la sai phenomenon in Makaling, as revealed through the phenomenological reduction process. The implications of this study extend to the development of human resources in architectural academia, the formulation of government policies, spatial planning practices, and architectural design approaches in Merauke, Papua. Furthermore, the research contributes to the advancement of theoretical discourse on multi-functional space, local wisdom, and transcendental meaning within the context of Papuan vernacular settlements.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yashinta Irma Pratami Hematang, Sudaryono Sastrosasmito, Harry Kurniawan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The meaning of space in Islamic housing in Bogor
The phenomenon of housing based on Islamic values is increasingly developing in Indonesia, yet research on the spatial manifestations of these values and local culture remains limited. This study aims to analyze how the Islamic values embraced by Muhammadiyah and the Indonesian Da'wah Institute (LDII) are realized in the production of residential space in Bogor, employing Henri Lefebvre's theoretical framework. Through a comparative analysis of Mustika Residence Muhammadiyah and the Nurul Iman Mosque Complex of LDII, this research reveals significant differences across the three dimensions of space production. Muhammadiyah housing exhibits moderate spatial practices with functional design and symbols of Islamic renewal, while LDII housing displays clear physical boundaries and dominant internal interactions. The implications of this research for the field of architecture highlight the importance of considering religious values and local culture in residential space design. These findings can assist stakeholders in creating housing that is responsive to community needs and provide insights for academics and practitioners. This study enriches Lefebvre's theory by demonstrating the role of religious dimensions in space formation, proving that variations in interpretation within a single value system can lead to different spatial manifestations, thereby contributing to interdisciplinary studies on religion and urban space.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sarah Aisha, Atiek Suprapti, Agung Budi Sardjono, Mohammad Sahid Indraswara https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The spatial dynamics of culture in the Jenang Tebokan parade tradition in Kaliputu village, Kudus regency
Kirab Jenang Tebokan tradition in Kaliputu Village, Kudus Regency, is a cultural ritual that has a deep meaning in the social life of the local community. This tradition has been going on since 2006 by passing through the road corridors around Kaliputu Village. Still, in 2018, the procession's route changed by passing through the main road of Kaliputu Village to Kaliputu Village Hall. In this case, the tradition functions as a cultural celebration involving the community and as a representation of the dynamics of cultural space built during the procession. Kirab Jenang Tebokan creates temporary spaces full of social value where people gather, interact, and share in a family atmosphere. The implementation of route changes in the procession causes changes in the meaning of cultural space, which becomes the spatial embodiment of the Kirab Jenang Tebokkan tradition. This research examines the dynamics of cultural space formed during the Kirab Jenang Tebokan procession, as well as how the community uses and interprets the space. This research method uses a qualitative approach through field observations and interviews with traditional leaders and local people involved in the activity. The results showed that changes in the route of the curb affected the pattern of social interaction, accessibility, and people's perceptions in interpreting the cultural space formed during the procession. In addition, these changes can expand community involvement and strengthen local cultural identity. The implications of this research can provide insights for stakeholders, architectural practitioners, and academics in planning local culture-based public spaces.
Copyright (c) 2026 Vivi Kurnia Putri, Edi Purwanto, R. Siti Rukayah, Agung Budi Sardjono https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Modeling the distribution of settlements on slope gradients based on GIS in Manado city
Manado City is experiencing rapid population growth, with an annual increase of 1.48% and a population density reaching 2,948 people/km² as of 2024. Due to the city’s predominantly hilly topography, residential expansion has increasingly shifted toward sloped areas. This study aims to analyze the spatial distribution of residential settlements on sloped terrain using the Average Nearest Neighbor (ANN) method and to evaluate land suitability through Weighted Overlay Analysis (WOA) within a Geographic Information System (GIS) framework. Parameters for WOA include topography, slope gradient, disaster risk, and land-use zoning based on the 2023–2042 Regional Spatial Plan (RTRW) of Manado. The GIS-based analysis, conducted using ArcGIS 10.8 and ArcScene, reveals that settlements are concentrated on slopes with gradients of 25–40% and >40%, covering 163.78 hectares. The densest clusters occur in Wanea and Malalayang Districts. WOA results indicate that Wanea has a larger landslide-prone area (39.53 ha) compared to Malalayang, necessitating risk-sensitive planning. Spatial conformity analysis highlights misalignment between current residential land use and the official RTRW. A spatial planning model was proposed for Karombasan Selatan Subdistrict, integrating terraced housing design, optimal building orientation, and conservation zoning for slopes above 40%. This study contributes to sustainable urban development strategies in hilly urban environments through GIS-based decision support.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rieneke Lusia Evani Sela, Jefrey I. Kindangen, Andy Anton Mangopa Malik, Erlangga Nonto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Nara protocol implementation in post-2009 earthquake heritage recovery in Padang, Indonesia
The 2009 earthquake in Padang, Indonesia, caused significant damage to heritage assets, posing challenges to preserving their authenticity during recovery. This study examines the implementation of the Nara Protocol's six authenticity attributes traditions and techniques, form and design, use and function, materials and substance, spirit and feeling, and location and setting in participatory community-led heritage recovery efforts. The objective is to assess how the recovery process aligns with the Nara Protocol's principles of contextual authenticity while addressing local cultural values. A mixed-method approach was employed, including field surveys of damaged heritage structures, stakeholder interviews, and document analysis of pre- and post-disaster records. The results indicate various implementations of the six authenticity attributes, leading to alterations in authenticity. Religious and community buildings show more changes in materials and techniques due to the availability of present-day materials and the built-back-better principle, aiming to provide safer buildings and environments for future earthquakes. The lack of sufficient documentation challenges restoration efforts post-disaster, resulting in changes in shape and design. Advocacy from experts, universities, ancestors, and donors supports these conservation efforts. This study also highlights that community involvement is crucial to ensure the authenticity of spirit and feeling post-recovery.
Copyright (c) 2026 Khaerunnisa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The representation of the Trimurti concept in the architecture of Padma Tiga at Pura Luhur Muncaksari
Padmasana architecture is the most important sacred building in Balinese temples. Padmasana functions as the sthana (seat) of God and has many types, depending on the concept of God being represented. The ‘three padmas’ form, one of the types of padmasana architecture found in the Luhur Muncaksari Temple, is very different from the padmasana forms found in other major temples in Bali. This uniqueness often causes difficulties in understanding its function and symbolic meaning, both for the general public and intellectual circles. To understand its representation, an interpretation is carried out by broadening the horizon of understanding, from the parts of the form to the form as a whole. The purpose of this study is to discover the concept of God represented in the visual form of the ‘three padmas’. The findings reveal that the padma tiga at Pura Luhur Muncaksari symbolically represents the Trimurti: Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva, through its spatial composition, structural elements, and ornamental features. These findings are crucial for informing the development and preservation of traditional Balinese architecture, which is rooted in cosmological and philosophical foundations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ida Bagus Idedhyana, Made Mariada Rijasa, Siluh Putu Natha Primadewi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Thermal mitigation through landscaping in tropical buildings
The rapid expansion of urban development in tropical regions has substantially increased local microclimate temperatures, primarily as a consequence of the urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon. Landscape design is widely acknowledged as an effective passive strategy for mitigating these adverse thermal conditions. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of landscape layout and design at the Sheikh Zayed Mosque in Surakarta in reducing both surface and ambient air temperatures within the surrounding neighborhood. The research adopts a quantitative methodological approach that integrates systematic temperature measurements, direct field observations, and an in-depth review of relevant literature. The investigation was carried out through the combined use of satellite imagery, in situ surface temperature measurements, and spatial analysis focusing on the distribution of vegetation, water ponds, and shading elements. The findings demonstrate that the strategic placement of vegetation and water features is capable of reducing surface temperatures by up to 5°C during daylight hours. These results underscore the critical role of landscape design as a climate-adaptive component in public building environments, particularly within tropical contexts. Moreover, the research provides a meaningful contribution to the development of tropical climate-responsive landscape design strategies aimed at enhancing building thermal comfort and supporting the realization of sustainable development in religious public spaces.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sri Yuliani, Shania Putri Nyolinda, Alavia Nur Siasa Jauhari, Nenny Triana Amelia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Delphi methods as an approach in architecture research: Opportunities and pitfalls
Participatory approaches hold significant relevance within complex architectural research, serving as a vital link between theoretical inquiry and practical implementation. Among the prominent methods within this paradigm is the Delphi method, a systematic and iterative procedure that employs anonymous expert insights to cultivate collective agreement. While it has long been acknowledged for its strength in producing consensus, forecasting emerging tendencies, filtering conceptual propositions, and assessing issues that demand informed collective judgment, its utilization in architectural research remains comparatively limited. This study seeks to examine the Delphi method’s capabilities, delineate its strengths and constraints, and underscore its prospective contributions to architectural research practices. Employing a qualitative strategy through an integrative review of literature, data were gathered from 54 selected publications issued between 2000 and 2025. These data were subsequently interpreted using thematic content analysis. The results affirmed the Delphi method’s proficiency in generating impartial, multidisciplinary concurrence, its versatility in synthesizing diverse bodies of knowledge, and its particular relevance for navigating complex and future-oriented architectural challenges. Nevertheless, it also encounters obstacles such as participant withdrawal, the possibility of producing manufactured consensus, and inherent limitations in representing real-time social interactions. The methodological potential of the Delphi technique to broaden the boundaries of architectural research becomes even more substantial when combined with approaches such as the Analytic Hierarchy Process, Focus Group Discussions, or Q-Methodology.
Copyright (c) 2026 Anisza Ratnasari, Yohanes Basuki Dwisusanto, Sahid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Architectural implications of colonial infrastructure
The Dutch East Indies' colonial infrastructure, particularly Java's railway network and its linkages to sugar fields and mills, changed urban and economic environments. Railways, originally designed for military defense in the 1840s, became economic arteries supporting agro-industrial growth under the Cultuurstelsel (1830) and Agrarian Law (1870), according to historical data. Strategic railway planning promotes resource extraction, urban expansion, and path dependence, sustaining urban centers after colonialism. Synchronic-diachronic and network analysis compare the phased development of railway stations and sugar mills (1830–1942), examining shared architectural influences, materials (from local wood to imported steel), and styles (pragmatic neoclassical to Indies and Art Deco). Railways efficiently transported sugarcane and cargo, while mills incorporated rail lines, creating divided towns and industrial landscapes. Technical adaptations to tropical temperatures and commercial incentives show how colonial exploitation shaped Java's spatial character. This study illuminates how colonial infrastructure, architectural rationalism, and economic imperatives shaped Java's modern landscape, enriching historical studies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Johannes Adiyanto, Hery Setiawan Purnawali, Adhika Atyanta https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The impacts of the ecosophical wisdom of Roma Toloh of the Bajo-Wuring people on the marine ecosystem of Wuring, Sikka Regency, East Nusa Tenggara
This article constitutes a philosophical attempt to initiate an interdisciplinary conversation between philosophy and architecture by taking Roma Toloh of the Bajo-Wuring tribe as its central subject of inquiry. Roma Toloh embodies the local ecological wisdom of the Bajo-Wuring people in sustaining and nurturing their relationship with the sea. The study aims to identify the ecological values embodied in the architectural form of Roma Toloh and to explore its impacts on the marine ecosystem. Employing a qualitative research methodology, the study incorporated field observation and in-depth interviews. Informants were selected using purposive and snowball sampling techniques. The research findings indicate that the Bajo people residing in Wuring, Sikka Regency, Flores, possesses a conscious awareness to nurture the marine ecosystem, with the Roma Toloh serving as a potent symbol of their unity with the sea. However, this consciousness is not corresponding proportionally with the current environmental conditions surrounding their settlements. The increasing scarcity of traditional, natural building materials, coupled with the modernization of construction materials are exerting negative impacts on the Roma Toloh, the ecological wisdom it embodies, and the surrounding environment. The shift from traditional to modern building materials has contributed to the degradation of the residential environment and the erosion of the ecological values inherent in the Roma Toloh. The quality of the marine ecosystem has deteriorated as a result of the shifting. Collaborative efforts between local government, the Wuring community, and neighboring societal communities are thus imperative to ensure the preservation of the Bajo-Wuring cultural identity and the Wuring marine ecosystem.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bernardus Subang Hayong, Antonius Bastian Limahekin, Onisimus Paul Hasler Sakan, Marianus Dedi Aunsuni, Petrus Fonsensus Loran Oke, Wilibrodus Putra Mones, Benediktus Boli https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
A relational model of identity, symbolism, and representation in Soekarno-Era Monuments within the urban architecture of Jakarta
Identity, symbolism, and representation constitute central themes in architectural and urban theory; nevertheless, their relational integration within the context of city architecture is frequently addressed in a fragmented and partial manner. This study seeks to develop a relational framework that connects identity, symbol, and representation through a focused analysis of Jakarta’s urban architecture during the Soekarno era. Five monuments are selected as case studies based on Toto’s (2014) classification, which characterizes monuments from the Old Order period as visual manifestations of Soekarno’s nationalist ideology. The research adopts a qualitative approach, employing a combination of literature review and visual analysis. The data are obtained from scholarly publications, visual documentation of the selected monuments, and historical records concerning their planning and construction. From a methodological perspective, the analysis investigates the architectural representations embodied in the monuments, interprets the symbolic meanings they convey, and identifies the identity narratives communicated through their forms and spatial expressions. The findings indicate that urban identity serves as the foundational basis for the production of symbols, which are subsequently materialized as representations of nationalism within Jakarta’s urban architectural landscape. This relational process is conceptualized as the Identity–Symbol–Representation (I–S–R) framework. The study contributes to the development of a conceptual framework for understanding the ways in which city identity is constructed, articulated, and communicated through architectural symbols and representational forms.
Copyright (c) 2026 Raden Mohamad Wisnu Ibadi, Yohanes Basuki Dwisusanto, Yohanes Karyadi Kusliansjah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Integration of Artificial Intelligence in inclusive urban design to enhance gender and disability safety: A design-based research in Surabaya
Limited accessibility and safety for women and persons with disabilities remain critical issues in urban development in Indonesia, particularly in public spaces that are insufficiently responsive to vulnerable groups. This study aims to develop an inclusive urban design concept based on gender and disability perspectives through the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and participatory approaches as an evidence-based design foundation. The research adopts a Design-Based Research (DBR) approach using mixed methods that combine AI-based quantitative analysis and participatory qualitative methods. Quantitative data were obtained through YouTube data crawling (853 entries, 729 valid datasets) and analyzed using Named Entity Recognition (NER) to identify potentially unsafe urban locations, then visualized through WebGIS. Qualitative data were collected through Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) involving disability organizations, women’s groups, and policymakers. The results identified three vulnerable locations in Surabaya: Kedung Cowek Street, Wonorejo Timur Street, and Kupang Indah Street. The study formulates inclusive urban design elements, including standardized pedestrian pathways, guiding blocks, gentle ramps, lighting levels of at least 12 lux, accessible transit stops, signage, and gender-sensitive public facilities. The novelty lies in integrating AI-based social media analysis with participatory approaches within a DBR framework to support data-driven inclusive urban design.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ainin Bashiroh, Ahmad Syaifuddin, Faizatus Sholikhah, Komang Ayu Laksmi Harshinta Sari, Ade Fitriyanti Ulul Azmi, Ionocki Prasetyo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Re-thinking methods in vernacular architecture studies: From universal form to contextual meaning
This study critiques two prevailing epistemological tendencies in the study of vernacular architecture in Indonesia: The universalism of form, which relies on Western formal theories, and cultural relativism, which romanticizes the uniqueness of local traditions. Both tendencies are considered to offer limited contributions to the vernacular communities under study, as they often result merely in formal descriptions or cultural idealizations without addressing the transformative potential of architectural design. This study aims to formulate a new interpretive tool for identifying the local values of Indonesian vernacular architecture while simultaneously exploring its transformative potential. The study employs a three-step analytical phases: Firstly, tracing the development of theoretical studies on vernacular architecture in Indonesia to map their epistemological limitations. Secondly, elaborating the theory of architectural ethnosemantic with the concept of architectural property–composition, in order to generate an analytical framework that bridges formal and semantic aspects. Thirdly, applying the results of this elaboration to identify local values and transformative potential in vernacular settlements in Indonesia. The focus of inquiry is directed toward Sundanese villages in West Java that have already undergone transformations, taken as a representation of the vernacular traditions of the Indonesian archipelago. The findings of this study are an interpretive model for examining the local values of Sundanese architecture, together with the potential transformations in housing and settlement design. This formulation serves a dual function: as an academic contribution to the advancement of vernacular theory, and as a practical contribution to improving the quality of life of the vernacular communities themselves.
Copyright (c) 2026 Purnama Salura, Bambang Sugiharto, Reginaldo Christophori Lake, Stephanie Clarissa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Territorial claims and the privatization of public spaces in the Tugu Yogyakarta heritage area
Margo Utomo Street in the northern part of the Cosmological Axis of Yogyakarta has transformed into a tourism and local culinary destination. Since food stalls operate within public space, vendors and customers attempt to mark and personalize their movement areas. This phenomenon reflects broader tensions between public accessibility and private appropriation in heritage settings. The study aims to identify the typologies of public space utilization as private workspaces and to analyze their impacts on the comfort quality of spaces. A qualitative method with a case study approach was applied. The Tugu Yogyakarta was chosen due to its historical significance and the complexity of space utilization. Data were analyzed using Altman’s concept of public territory to explore the typologies of privatization and their implication for territoriality and urban inclusivity. The findings reveal two types of territorial claims along Margo Utomo Street made by food vendors and customers. Physical and non-physical elements serve as territorial markers that personalize space. This privatization generates a social gap between paid and unpaid spaces, alters spatial patterns, and shifts the symbolic meaning of the Tugu Yogyakarta. Such dynamics create tensions between its philosophical meaning and everyday practice, posing significant challenges for sustainability. The study highlights the importance of inclusive and participatory approaches to urban planning to safeguard the cultural and spatial integrity of the heritage areas.
Copyright (c) 2026 Wiyatiningsih, Agustini Dyah Respati, Caludia Olla Mandayu, Steffany Hartono https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Navigating challenges in information management for sustainable construction project delivery
Given its complexity and dynamic nature, the construction sector is beginning to understand how important it is to have efficient information management in order to improve sustainability practices. This study aims to examine the challenges that information management faces in the course of advancing sustainability in the South African construction industry. With the use of structured questionnaires, data were gathered quantitatively from 209 experts, including project managers, engineers, and architects. The study employed mean item scores and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to identify crucial elements influencing the implementation of information management systems in construction projects. The findings revealed three primary challenges to effective information management which include technical factors, human factors, and legal and security issues. The results provide valuable insights for industry stakeholders, offering guidance on addressing these challenges to achieve more sustainable construction practices.
Copyright (c) 2026 Opeoluwa Akinradewo, Tawakalitu Odubiyi, Abiola Oyediran, Clinton Aigbavboa, Mayowa Ogungbe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Adaptive facade systems: Classification proposal and bibliometric analysis developed through systematic literature review
Adaptive façades, developed in recent years to increase user comfort and reduce energy consumption, offer innovative solutions for optimizing daylight regulation in interior spaces. This study examines adaptive façade systems in the context of daylight performance. The study adopts a systematic methodological approach that combines qualitative and bibliometric analyses of existing literature. The proposed framework synthesizes existing façade classification proposals, integrating categories such as movement typologies, control strategies, and daylight-specific performance metrics to provide a coherent classification approach. Subsequently, an extensive review of existing studies in the field was conducted, key concepts and dominant trends were identified, and the scope of the study was narrowed. A selected group of studies from the existing literature was then subjected to detailed evaluation and analyzed using the new classification system. The aim of this study is to map adaptive façades for daylighting using a bibliometric and systematic approach, propose a new theoretical framework based on previous classifications, and apply this framework to selected studies to identify trends, research gaps, and future directions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ecenur Kizilörenli, Ahmet Vefa Orhon https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The philosophical background of the placement of four-winged mythological animal figures on the upper section of traditional Balinese architecture
This paper examines the philosophical background of four-winged mythological animal figures well known in traditional Balinese architectural art: the winged serpent, the swan, the Garuda, and the winged lion. These animal figures are carved or positioned on the upper sections of various Balinese Hindu sacred buildings. The study employs a hermeneutic method based on the symbolic meanings of each figure, combined with a literature review of the natural characteristics of the animals that inspired these animal figures. Several branches of knowledge serve as analytical approaches in this study, including Hindu cosmology and mythology; the natural characteristics of the Himalaya; the morphology of the four figures; a semiotic approach; comparative studies of similar objects; and Balinese local wisdom. The findings indicate that these four-winged mythological animals possess philosophical backgrounds shaped through syncretization between mythology and the natural characteristics of several animal species from the Himalayan region. These four-winged mythological figures also embody symbolic meanings as guardians of the heavenly realm, as vehicles of the deities, and as entities possessing the combined traits of the animals that form their composite nature. Therefore, it is appropriate that those animal figures are positioned on the upper sections of traditional Balinese buildings.
Copyright (c) 2026 I Nyoman Widya Paramadhyaksa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Dwelling experience in the traditional Javanese Joglo type house: A phenomenological study
This research examines lived experiences and interpretations of dwelling in traditional Javanese Joglo houses through a phenomenological perspective. The Joglo represents Javanese architectural traditions embedded with cultural, social, and spiritual values, expressing cosmological principles and social stratification through its spatial arrangement. Although increasingly marginalized by modernization and urban development, the Joglo continues to hold cultural significance for communities maintaining ancestral traditions. The study seeks to reveal residents’ subjective experiences and the meanings they assign to everyday life within a Joglo, emphasizing two central phenomenological dimensions: the textural dimension, referring to what is experienced, and the structural dimension, describing how experience is lived. Using in-depth interviews with residents from three generational groups, the research documents narratives of dwelling within this environment. The findings demonstrate that the Joglo integrates cultural, spiritual, and material dimensions of architecture, influencing residents’ lifestyles and practices. The house is understood not only as a built form, but as a symbolic setting filled with values and significance. This study contributes to architectural preservation discourse in Indonesia by emphasizing the balanced relationship among people, space, and culture within Javanese society.
Copyright (c) 2026 Josephine Roosandriantini, Iwan Sudradjat, Rahadhian Prajudi Herwindo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The influence of staircase geometry and spatial configuration on the enhancement of natural ventilation in urban residential buildings
In densely populated tropical urban contexts, row houses (RD) have increasingly emerged as a prevalent residential solution owing to their efficiency in land utilization and economic affordability. Nevertheless, the compact and contiguous spatial configuration characteristic of this housing typology significantly restricts the availability of natural ventilation openings, impedes effective cross ventilation, and consequently reduces levels of thermal comfort and indoor air quality. Under such conditions, occupants tend to rely more heavily on mechanical ventilation systems, which in turn leads to increased energy consumption and a decline in overall environmental sustainability. This study explores the potential role of staircases as vertical void elements capable of enhancing natural ventilation performance through the application of the stack effect mechanism. An experimental investigation was carried out to analyze the influence of sixteen combinations derived from variations in staircase geometry (I, L, U, ?, and their mirrored configurations), tread construction (solid and perforated), and staircase placement (front, center, and rear) on natural ventilation performance within row house typologies. A quantitative research approach was adopted through the application of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations to evaluate airflow behavior and thermal conditions. The findings indicate that staircases with a massive U-shaped construction geometry demonstrate the most optimal natural ventilation performance, achieving an air velocity of 5 m/s and a temperature of 33.5°C. Specifically, within the U-shaped staircase configuration, airflow velocity increased from stagnant conditions to an active state, reaching 4.62 m/s, accompanied by a temperature reduction of approximately 1°C. These results emphasize the significance of staircases as effective passive design components and underscore their potential contribution to improving energy efficiency and promoting sustainability in tropical urban residential architecture.
Copyright (c) 2026 Khotijah Lahji, Agus Budi Purnomo, Inavonna, Cut Sannas Saskia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Energy-efficient building design in tropical climates: A systematic literature review of heat transfer strategies
Architectural structures located in tropical regions are exposed to substantial energy demands for cooling through air-conditioning systems due to intense solar radiation and persistently high humidity levels. Consequently, these regions are characterized by high energy consumption, where cooling loads are dominant, thereby making the role of heat-transfer mechanisms and effective architectural design increasingly critical for achieving thermal comfort and energy efficiency, particularly when compared with middle-latitude regions. The primary objective of this study is to synthesize contemporary research addressing heat-transfer control strategies in energy-efficient building design for tropical climates. The review employs the PRISMA methodological framework, systematically examining 85 peer-reviewed articles published between 2010 and 2025 and indexed in major scientific databases. The analyzed studies are categorized according to the design strategies adopted, including passive cooling approaches, building-envelope optimization, material innovation, and the use of simulation tools in architectural design. The findings indicate that passive strategies, particularly natural ventilation, shading through overhang devices, and the application of reflective or high-albedo surface materials, exhibit the highest effectiveness in mitigating heat gain. Furthermore, the use of advanced insulation materials and adaptive façade systems demonstrates significant potential for enhancing building performance in future applications. However, the integration of simulation-based design methods with empirical validation remains at an early stage of development. Overall, this paper provides a comprehensive analysis of prevailing research trends, while critically addressing current challenges and outlining future prospects for sustainable cooling strategies within the tropical built environment.
Copyright (c) 2026 L. M. F. Purwanto, Stephanus Evert Indrawan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Responsive front land boundary design parameters on urban main road corridors
This study critically evaluates the design of front land boundaries for buildings situated along Sudirman Street, Jakarta. The assessment of design quality was conducted through systematically observed parameters, including access configuration, boundary height, transparency, materiality, signage, and lighting, each grounded in established urban design principles and the prevailing regulatory framework. Data were collected via systematic field observations of 24 buildings located along the west side of Sudirman Street. The results reveal considerable variation in design responsiveness: only six buildings exhibit high responsiveness, characterized by permeable interfaces, as well as thoughtfully integrated lighting and signage, whereas the majority demonstrate moderate to low responsiveness due to limited transparency and insufficient visual connectivity with the public realm. These findings are interpreted within the frameworks of urban design theory, CPTED (Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design), and Jakarta’s regulatory standards governing land boundaries, highlighting that design elements such as transparency and lighting play a critical role in mediating the interaction between buildings and street life. This study thereby contributes to an empirical understanding of how the qualitative attributes of front land boundary design enhance urban spatial experience and responsiveness within densely developed metropolitan corridors.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ramadhansyah, Tin Budi Utami https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Optimizing the function of city parks in empowering the Elderly in urban areas
This study examines the empowerment of older adults within urban public spaces as a strategic initiative to enhance social resilience. Despite the presence of comprehensive national and regional policy frameworks, a substantial gap is evident between policy formulation and its practical implementation on the ground. Adopting a descriptive qualitative approach and case studies in Malang City, data were collected through in-depth interviews, direct field observations, and systematic reviews of policy documents. The findings reveal that city parks have not yet functioned as inclusive and empowering environments for elderly users. The inability to meet accessibility standards, including safe pedestrian pathways, adequate handrails, and comfortable seating facilities, reflects the weak execution of existing policies. Furthermore, the limited availability of park-based social activities highlights a lack of integration between policy frameworks and empowerment programs. This study concludes that the physical revitalization of city parks must be integrated with sustainable social programs to realize inclusive social resilience. The research recommendations emphasize the importance of cross-sector coordination, dedicated budgeting, and participatory programs as key measures to bridge the gap between policy intentions and the implementation of senior-friendly parks.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ika Putri Maharani, Agung Pramana Warih Marhendra, Nurul Badriyah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Rebuilding architecture’s epistemology: KEPKA as a framework to reorient contemporary architectural development
Contemporary architectural practice increasingly exhibits fragmented approaches in which analysis and design, as well as visual, technical, symbolic, and social aspects, are treated as separate domains. This fragmentation reveals the absence of an epistemic framework capable of maintaining traceability between architectural claims and their underlying evidence. This article addresses this epistemic gap by proposing KEPKA (Kerangka Epistemik Properti Komposisi Arsitektur) as a regulatory framework for structured architectural reflection. KEPKA is developed through a critical synthesis of architectural theories concerned with the interrelations of function, form, experience, and meaning. It emphasises the traceability of architectural claims by grounding interpretations in elements, properties, and spatial composition. Rather than functioning as a single theory, design method, or normative value system, KEPKA operates as a reflective epistemic tool applicable across issues, methods, and paradigms without interfering with scientific claims. Structured into five analytical levels, ranging from elements and compositional relations to operational and discursive meaning, KEPKA enables an assessment of the degree to which an architectural reading or design is architecturally justified. This article argues that KEPKA does not aim to verify the truth of meaning, but to ensure that meaning remains inseparable from architectural evidence, while simultaneously opening a dialogical space for engagement with diverse theoretical traditions within architectural scholarship.
Copyright (c) 2026 Purnama Salura https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0