Spatial integration of urban informality in Jakarta
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Published:
Dec 30, 2022
Keywords:
Informality, Informal sector, Urbanism, Urban informality
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Abstract
Urban informality is an everyday life phenomenon in Jakarta but has not been extensively discussed, especially in relation to spatial design practice. This is important because formality and informality are not entirely separate but rather interconnected and complementary (Moatasim, 2019). It has also been discovered that on-street informality such as street vending demonstrates the existence and trend of urban space and also acts as the most visible manifestation of the informal economy. Therefore, this research focuses on investigating the integration of urban informality with special attention to its influence on the spatial or architectural aspects. This was achieved through the qualitative method which involves the application of a phenomenological paradigm by participating in the street vending and informal economy on Thamrin 10, Jalan H. Agus Salim, and Jalan Percetakan Negara streets in Jakarta. The results showed that informality is present at different degrees of contemporary urban life and there is a pressing spatial demand for such activities. Moreover, it was discovered that spatial integration of urban informality has the ability to sustain and catalyse greater urban frameworks, including the activities of the formal sector.
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Juwita, Ruth Dea, and Yohanes Basuki Dwisusanto. 2022. “Spatial Integration of Urban Informality in Jakarta”. ARTEKS : Jurnal Teknik Arsitektur 7 (3), 355-66. https://doi.org/10.30822/arteks.v7i3.1663.
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ARTICLES-RESEARCH
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References
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Cross, John. 2000. ‘Street Vendors, and Postmodernity: Conflict and Compromise in the Global Economy’. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 20 (1/2): 29–51. https://doi.org/10.1108/01443330010789061.
Devlin, Ryan Thomas. 2011. ‘“An Area That Governs Itself ”: Informality, Uncertainty and the Management of Street Vending in New York City’. Planning Theory 10 (1): 53–65. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473095210386070.
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———. 2018b. ‘Asking “Third World Questions” of First World Informality: Using Southern Theory to Parse Needs from Desires in an Analysis of Informal Urbanism of the Global North’. Planning Theory 17 (4): 568–87. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473095217737347.
———. 2019. ‘A Focus on Needs: Toward a More Nuanced Understanding of Inequality and Urban Informality in the Global North’. Journal of Cultural Geography 36 (2): 121–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/08873631.2018.1531474.
Dovey, Kim. 2013. ‘Informalising Architecture: The Challenge of Informal Settlements’. Architectural Design 83 (6): 82–89. https://doi.org/10.1002/ad.1679.
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Kamalipour, Hesam, and Kim Dovey. 2020. ‘Incremental Production of Urban Space: A Typology of Informal Design’. Habitat International 98 (April): 102133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2020.102133.
Kocakulak, Mustafa, and Ismail Butun. 2017. ‘An Overview of Wireless Sensor Networks towards Internet of Things’. In 2017 IEEE 7th Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference (CCWC), 1–6. IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/CCWC.2017.7868374.
Levenson, Alec R., and William F. Maloney. 1999. The Informal Sector, Firm Dynamics, and Institutional Participation. Policy Research Working Papers. The World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-1988.
Moatasim, Faiza. 2019. ‘Informality Materialised: Long-Term Temporariness as a Mode of Informal Urbanism’. Antipode 51 (1): 271–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12434.
Moustakas, Clark. 1994. Phenomenological Research Methods. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California 91320 United States of America: SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412995658.
Palat Narayanan, Nipesh. 2019. ‘The Production of Informality and Everyday Politics’. City 23 (1): 83–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2019.1575118.
Perlman, Janice E. 1975. ‘Rio’s Favelas and the Myth of Marginality’. Politics & Society 5 (2): 131–60. https://doi.org/10.1177/003232927500500201.
Rakowski, Cathy A. 1994. ‘Convergence and Divergence in the Informal Sector Debate: A Focus on Latin America, 1984–92’. World Development 22 (4): 501–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(94)90107-4.
Rands, Melissa, and Ann Gansemer-Topf. 2017. ‘The Room Itself Is Active: How Classroom Design Impacts Student Engagement.’ Journal of Learning Spaces 6 (1): 26–33. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1152568.pdf.
Recchi, Sara. 2021. ‘Informal Street Vending: A Comparative Literature Review’. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 41 (7/8): 805–25. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-07-2020-0285.
Roberts, Bryan R., Saskia Sassen-Koob, Juan Carlos Fortuna, Monica Lanzetta de Pardo, Alex Stepick, Jose Blanes Jimenez, Gregory Grossman, Lourdes Beneria, Vittorio Capecchi, and Josep-Antoni Ybarra. 1989. The Informal Economy: Studies in Advanced and Less Developed Countries. United States: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Rogers, Lindsay Smith, and J. H. Bloomberg. 2020. ‘Interview by Stephanie Desmon: How Indoor Ventilation Systems Can Help Prevent or Permit the Spread of COVID-19’. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. 2020. https://publichealth.jhu.edu/2020/how-indoor-ventilation-systems-can-help-prevent-or-permit-the-spread-of-covid-19.
Roy, Ananya. 2005. ‘Urban Informality: Toward an Epistemology of Planning’. Journal of the American Planning Association 71 (2): 147–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944360508976689.
———. 2009. ‘Why India Cannot Plan Its Cities: Informality, Insurgence and the Idiom of Urbanization’. Planning Theory 8 (1): 76–87. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473095208099299.
Roy, Ananya, Nezar AlSayyad, Asef Bayat, Ray Bromley, Alan Gilbert, Arif Hasan, Janice E. Perlman, et al. 2004. Urban Informality: Transnational Perspectives from the Middle East, Latin America, and South Asia. United States: Lexington Books.
Soja, Edward W. 1998. ‘Thirdspace: Journeys to Los Angeles and Other Real-and-Imagined Places’. Capital & Class 22 (1): 137–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/030981689806400112.
Soto, Hernando De. 1989. The Other Path: The Invisible Revolution in the Third World. United States: HarperCollins.
Spachos, Petros, and Dimitrios Hatzinakos. 2016. ‘Real-Time Indoor Carbon Dioxide Monitoring Through Cognitive Wireless Sensor Networks’. IEEE Sensors Journal 16 (2): 506–14. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2015.2479647.
Torky, Esraa, and Tim Heath. 2021. ‘Perception of Street Vendors and Their Effect on Urban Settings in Portobello Road, London’. Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research 15 (3): 589–604. https://doi.org/10.1108/ARCH-12-2020-0294.
Varley, Ann. 2013. ‘Postcolonialising Informality?’ Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 31 (1): 4–22. https://doi.org/10.1068/d14410.
Yang, Yuan, Jiang Liu, Wei Wang, Yu Cao, and Heng Li. 2021. ‘Incorporating SLAM and Mobile Sensing for Indoor CO2 Monitoring and Source Position Estimation’. Journal of Cleaner Production 291 (April): 125780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125780.
Yatmo, Yandi Andri. 2008. ‘Street Vendors as “Out of Place” Urban Elements’. Journal of Urban Design 13 (3): 387–402. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574800802320889.
Anastasi, Giuseppe, Carlo Bartoli, Paolo Conti, Emanuele Crisostomi, Alessandro Franco, Sergio Saponara, Daniele Testi, Dimitri Thomopulos, and Carlo Vallati. 2021. ‘Optimized Energy and Air Quality Management of Shared Smart Buildings in the Covid-19 Scenario’. Energies 14 (8): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14082124.
Ascione, Fabrizio, Rosa Francesca De Masi, Margherita Mastellone, and Giuseppe Peter Vanoli. 2021. ‘The Design of Safe Classrooms of Educational Buildings for Facing Contagions and Transmission of Diseases: A Novel Approach Combining Audits, Calibrated Energy Models, Building Performance (BPS) and Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) Simulations’. Energy and Buildings 230 (January): 110533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.110533.
Beichner, Robert J, and Jeffery M Saul. 2003. ‘Introduction to the SCALE-UP ( Student-Centered Activities for Large Enrollment Undergraduate Programs ) Project’. In Proceedings of the International School of Physics, 1–17. Italy: Enrico Fermi, Varenna. https://www.ncsu.edu/PER/Articles/Varenna_SCALEUP_Paper.pdf.
Cavalcanti, Ana Rosa Chavas. 2017. ‘How Does Work Shape Informal Cities? The Critical Design of Cities and Housing in Brazilian Slums’. The Plan Journal 1 (2). https://doi.org/10.15274/tpj.2016.01.02.04.
———. 2019a. ‘“How Does Work Shape Informal Cities?”’ Urban Informality Shaped by Labor 8: 65. https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/abe/article/view/3934/3951.
———. 2019b. ‘Work, Slums And Informal Settlements Traditions’. Urban Informality Shaped by Labor 8. https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/abe/article/view/3933.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2019. ‘Ventilation in Buildings’. Cdc.Gov. 2019. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/ventilation.html.
Clark, Ruth C., Frank Nguyen, and John Sweller. 2005. Efficiency in Learning: Evidence-Based Guidelines to Manage Cognitive Load. 1st ed. Pfeiffer.
Cross, John. 2000. ‘Street Vendors, and Postmodernity: Conflict and Compromise in the Global Economy’. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 20 (1/2): 29–51. https://doi.org/10.1108/01443330010789061.
Devlin, Ryan Thomas. 2011. ‘“An Area That Governs Itself ”: Informality, Uncertainty and the Management of Street Vending in New York City’. Planning Theory 10 (1): 53–65. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473095210386070.
———. 2018a. ‘Global Best Practice or Regulating Fiction? Street Vending, Zero Tolerance and Conflicts Over Public Space in New York, 1980-2000’. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 42 (3): 517–32. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12628.
———. 2018b. ‘Asking “Third World Questions” of First World Informality: Using Southern Theory to Parse Needs from Desires in an Analysis of Informal Urbanism of the Global North’. Planning Theory 17 (4): 568–87. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473095217737347.
———. 2019. ‘A Focus on Needs: Toward a More Nuanced Understanding of Inequality and Urban Informality in the Global North’. Journal of Cultural Geography 36 (2): 121–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/08873631.2018.1531474.
Dovey, Kim. 2013. ‘Informalising Architecture: The Challenge of Informal Settlements’. Architectural Design 83 (6): 82–89. https://doi.org/10.1002/ad.1679.
Government of Canada, Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety. 2016. ‘1-Introduction : OSH Answers’. Ccohs.Ca. 2016. https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/prevention/ventilation/introduction.html.
Guerreiro, Paulo. 2021. ‘On Informality - Programmed Spontaneity in Spatial Design’. Academia Letters, June. https://doi.org/10.20935/AL1421.
Hart, Keith. 1973. ‘Informal Income Opportunities and Urban Employment in Ghana’. The Journal of Modern African Studies 11 (1): 61–89. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X00008089.
International Labour Organisation. 1972. Employment, Incomes and Equality; a Strategy for Increasing Productive Employment in Kenya. Geneva: ILO.
Kamalipour, Hesam. 2016. ‘Forms of Informality and Adaptations in Informal Settlements’. International Journal of Architectural Research: ArchNet-IJAR 10 (3): 60. https://doi.org/10.26687/archnet-ijar.v10i3.1094.
Kamalipour, Hesam, and Kim Dovey. 2020. ‘Incremental Production of Urban Space: A Typology of Informal Design’. Habitat International 98 (April): 102133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2020.102133.
Kocakulak, Mustafa, and Ismail Butun. 2017. ‘An Overview of Wireless Sensor Networks towards Internet of Things’. In 2017 IEEE 7th Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference (CCWC), 1–6. IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/CCWC.2017.7868374.
Levenson, Alec R., and William F. Maloney. 1999. The Informal Sector, Firm Dynamics, and Institutional Participation. Policy Research Working Papers. The World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-1988.
Moatasim, Faiza. 2019. ‘Informality Materialised: Long-Term Temporariness as a Mode of Informal Urbanism’. Antipode 51 (1): 271–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12434.
Moustakas, Clark. 1994. Phenomenological Research Methods. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California 91320 United States of America: SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412995658.
Palat Narayanan, Nipesh. 2019. ‘The Production of Informality and Everyday Politics’. City 23 (1): 83–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2019.1575118.
Perlman, Janice E. 1975. ‘Rio’s Favelas and the Myth of Marginality’. Politics & Society 5 (2): 131–60. https://doi.org/10.1177/003232927500500201.
Rakowski, Cathy A. 1994. ‘Convergence and Divergence in the Informal Sector Debate: A Focus on Latin America, 1984–92’. World Development 22 (4): 501–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(94)90107-4.
Rands, Melissa, and Ann Gansemer-Topf. 2017. ‘The Room Itself Is Active: How Classroom Design Impacts Student Engagement.’ Journal of Learning Spaces 6 (1): 26–33. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1152568.pdf.
Recchi, Sara. 2021. ‘Informal Street Vending: A Comparative Literature Review’. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 41 (7/8): 805–25. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-07-2020-0285.
Roberts, Bryan R., Saskia Sassen-Koob, Juan Carlos Fortuna, Monica Lanzetta de Pardo, Alex Stepick, Jose Blanes Jimenez, Gregory Grossman, Lourdes Beneria, Vittorio Capecchi, and Josep-Antoni Ybarra. 1989. The Informal Economy: Studies in Advanced and Less Developed Countries. United States: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Rogers, Lindsay Smith, and J. H. Bloomberg. 2020. ‘Interview by Stephanie Desmon: How Indoor Ventilation Systems Can Help Prevent or Permit the Spread of COVID-19’. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. 2020. https://publichealth.jhu.edu/2020/how-indoor-ventilation-systems-can-help-prevent-or-permit-the-spread-of-covid-19.
Roy, Ananya. 2005. ‘Urban Informality: Toward an Epistemology of Planning’. Journal of the American Planning Association 71 (2): 147–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944360508976689.
———. 2009. ‘Why India Cannot Plan Its Cities: Informality, Insurgence and the Idiom of Urbanization’. Planning Theory 8 (1): 76–87. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473095208099299.
Roy, Ananya, Nezar AlSayyad, Asef Bayat, Ray Bromley, Alan Gilbert, Arif Hasan, Janice E. Perlman, et al. 2004. Urban Informality: Transnational Perspectives from the Middle East, Latin America, and South Asia. United States: Lexington Books.
Soja, Edward W. 1998. ‘Thirdspace: Journeys to Los Angeles and Other Real-and-Imagined Places’. Capital & Class 22 (1): 137–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/030981689806400112.
Soto, Hernando De. 1989. The Other Path: The Invisible Revolution in the Third World. United States: HarperCollins.
Spachos, Petros, and Dimitrios Hatzinakos. 2016. ‘Real-Time Indoor Carbon Dioxide Monitoring Through Cognitive Wireless Sensor Networks’. IEEE Sensors Journal 16 (2): 506–14. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2015.2479647.
Torky, Esraa, and Tim Heath. 2021. ‘Perception of Street Vendors and Their Effect on Urban Settings in Portobello Road, London’. Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research 15 (3): 589–604. https://doi.org/10.1108/ARCH-12-2020-0294.
Varley, Ann. 2013. ‘Postcolonialising Informality?’ Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 31 (1): 4–22. https://doi.org/10.1068/d14410.
Yang, Yuan, Jiang Liu, Wei Wang, Yu Cao, and Heng Li. 2021. ‘Incorporating SLAM and Mobile Sensing for Indoor CO2 Monitoring and Source Position Estimation’. Journal of Cleaner Production 291 (April): 125780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125780.
Yatmo, Yandi Andri. 2008. ‘Street Vendors as “Out of Place” Urban Elements’. Journal of Urban Design 13 (3): 387–402. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574800802320889.