Sick building syndrome: The effects of animal and plant-based adhesive in wood furniture
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Published:
Apr 1, 2023
Keywords:
Adhesives, Animal, Plant, Sick building syndrome, Wood furniture
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Abstract
Sick building syndrome (SBS) is a condition that afflicts occupants of a building, typically a workplace, and is linked to time spent in the building(Thach et al., 2019). The precise cause for SBS is still unknown. However, there are a few possibilities that is believed to be the cause of SBS such as poor ventilation, bad lighting design, presence of mold, fungus and formaldehydes which is usually found in wood furniture. This research paper focuses on the furniture factor of SBS. Certain material and finishes used in furniture production are harmful to the users as it has the potential to emit chemical substances from the wood composite products(Jeon et al., 2011) which could affect the indoor air quality. Furniture production may not sound harmful, but if the processes were observed in detail, we can see animal exploitations along the progress. Adhesives used to join the furniture may have substances that are derived from animals. The objective of this research is to study the chemical component in an animal-based adhesive and plant-based adhesive in wood furniture that is commonly used in lobby or lounge area (sofa, coffee table, etc.). With the chemical components identified, it is used to see how it contributes to the Sick Building Syndrome and which adhesives will be a better option for furniture production. This research also aims to compare animal-based and plant-based adhesives in terms of quality and cost. This research uses the qualitative method in which we look at past research first-hand observations, interviews, data, etc. The outcome by the end of this research will achieve all research objectives and suggest a better adhesive in wood furniture production whether it is animal-based or plant-based adhesives that has the least effect to SBS. This research can be beneficial to all furniture companies that are finding an alternative for a safer and greener choice of adhesive in wood furniture production. This research can also be a guideline to help improve the quality in furniture production and reduce the risk of SBS.
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How to Cite
Hamdi, Zahidah binti, and A. Ghafar Ahmad. 2023. “Sick Building Syndrome: The Effects of Animal and Plant-Based Adhesive in Wood Furniture”. ARTEKS : Jurnal Teknik Arsitektur 8 (1), 9-20. https://doi.org/10.30822/arteks.v8i1.1229.
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ARTICLES-RESEARCH
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References
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Navarrete, P., Z. Kebbi, F. Michenot, J. Lemonon, C. Rogaume, E. Masson, Y. Rogaume, and A. Pizzi. 2013. ‘Formaldehyde and VOCs Emissions from Bio-Particleboards’. Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 27 (7): 748–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/01694243.2012.727149.
Reuben, Usaku, Ahmad F. Ismail, Abdul Latif Ahmad, Humphrey M. Maina, and Aziah Daud. 2019. ‘Indoor Air Quality and Sick Building Syndrome Among Nigerian Laboratory University Workers’. Journal of Physical Science 30 (1): 179–95. https://doi.org/10.21315/jps2019.30.1.13.
Thach, Thuan-Quoc, Dhiya Mahirah, Gerard Dunleavy, Nuraini Nazeha, Yichi Zhang, Christina En Hui Tan, Adam Charles Roberts, George Christopoulos, Chee Kiong Soh, and Josip Car. 2019. ‘Prevalence of Sick Building Syndrome and Its Association with Perceived Indoor Environmental Quality in an Asian Multi-Ethnic Working Population’. Building and Environment 166 (December): 106420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.106420.
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Wang, Chanchan, and Jianping Wu. 2012. ‘Preparation and Characterization of Adhesive from Spent Hen Proteins’. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 36 (July): 8–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2012.04.003.
Wu, Jindong, Jiantao Weng, Bing Xia, Yujie Zhao, and Qiuji Song. 2021. ‘The Synergistic Effect of PM2.5 and CO2 Concentrations on Occupant Satisfaction and Work Productivity in a Meeting Room’. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18 (8): 4109. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084109.
Yu, Chuck W.F., and Jeong Tai Kim. 2012. ‘Long-Term Impact of Formaldehyde and VOC Emissions from Wood-Based Products on Indoor Environments; and Issues with Recycled Products’. Indoor and Built Environment 21 (1): 137–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326X11424330.
Yue, Li, Ruiqing Shi, Zhang Yi, Sheldon Q. Shi, Qiang Gao, and Jianzhang Li. 2020. ‘A High-Performance Soybean Meal-Based Plywood Adhesive Prepared via an Ultrasonic Process and Using Significantly Lower Amounts of Chemical Additives’. Journal of Cleaner Production 274 (November): 123017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123017.
Zhu, Xiangwei, Donghai Wang, Ningbo Li, and Xiuzhi Susan Sun. 2017. ‘Bio-Based Wood Adhesive from Camelina Protein (a Biodiesel Residue) and Depolymerized Lignin with Improved Water Resistance’. ACS Omega 2 (11): 7996–8004. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.7b01093.
Arikan, Inci, Ömer Faruk Tekin, and Oğuzhan Erbas. 2018. ‘Relatıonshıp between Sıck Buıldıng Syndrome and Indoor Aır Qualıty among Hospıtal Staff’. La Medicina Del Lavoro Work, Environment and Health 109 (6). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.23749/mdl.v110i6.7628.
Bacigalupe, Alejandro, Alejandra M. Fernández Solarte, Mariela A. Fernández, Rosa M. Torres Sánchez, Patricia Eisenberg, and Mariano M. Escobar. 2017. ‘Bio-Adhesives from Soy Protein Concentrate and Montmorillonite: Rheological and Thermal Behaviour’. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 77 (September): 35–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2017.03.018.
Boyle, Claire, Lucy Hansen, Chelsey Hinnenkamp, and Baraem P. Ismail. 2018. ‘Emerging Camelina Protein: Extraction, Modification, and Structural/Functional Characterization’. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society 95 (8): 1049–62. https://doi.org/10.1002/aocs.12045.
Cheng, H. N., Zhongqi He, Carissa H. Li, John M. Bland, and Peter J. Bechtel. 2021. ‘Preparation and Evaluation of Catfish Protein as a Wood Adhesive’. International Journal of Polymer Analysis and Characterization 26 (1): 60–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/1023666X.2020.1844361.
D.Maskell, C. F. da Silva, K. Mower, C. Rana, A. Dengel, R. J. Ball, M. P. Ansell, P. J. Walker, A Shea. 2015. ‘Properties of Bio-Based Insulation Materials and Their Potential Impact on Indoor Air Quality’. Academic Journal of Civil Engineering: First International Conference on Bio-Based Building Materials 33 (2): 156–63. https://journal.augc.asso.fr/index.php/ajce/article/view/1635/1109.
Ersion, V. 2010. ‘Standard Method Fot The Esting and Evaluation of VOC’.
Hemmilä, Venla, Stergios Adamopoulos, Olov Karlsson, and Anuj Kumar. 2017. ‘Development of Sustainable Bio-Adhesives for Engineered Wood Panels – A Review’. RSC Advances 7 (61): 38604–30. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7RA06598A.
Hosseini, Mohammad Reza, Reza Fouladi-Fard, and Rahim Aali. 2020. ‘COVID-19 Pandemic and Sick Building Syndrome’. Indoor and Built Environment 29 (8): 1181–83. https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326X20935644.
Jeon, Jisoo, Jeong-hun Lee, and Sumin Kim. 2011. ‘Soybean-Based Green Adhesive for Environment-Friendly Furniture Material’. Journal of the Korea Furniture Society 22 (3): 174–82. https://koreascience.kr/article/JAKO201128451816325.pdf.
Kim, Jong-Hyun, Dong-Jun Kwon, Pyeong-Su Shin, Yeong-Min Baek, Ha-Seung Park, Sun-Ok Moon, and Joung-Man Park. 2017. ‘Improvement on Interfacial, Thermal, and Water Resistance Properties of Wood Sandwich Composites for Stone Bed Using CNT-Animal Glue Adhesive’. Composites Research 30 (4): 235–40. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.7234/composres.2017.30.4.235.
Kim, W. J., N. Terada, T. Nomura, R. Takahashi, S. D. Lee, J. H. Park, and A. Konno. 2002. ‘Effect of Formaldehyde on the Expression of Adhesion Molecules in Nasal Microvascular Endothelial Cells: The Role of Formaldehyde in the Pathogenesis of Sick Building Syndrome’. Clinical & Experimental Allergy 32 (2): 287–95. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.2002.01301.x.
Kord Forooshani, Pegah, and Bruce P. Lee. 2017. ‘Recent Approaches in Designing Bioadhesive Materials Inspired by Mussel Adhesive Protein’. Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 55 (1): 9–33. https://doi.org/10.1002/pola.28368.
Kwon, Jae-Woo, Hee-Won Park, Woo Jin Kim, Man-Goo Kim, and Seung-Joon Lee. 2018. ‘Exposure to Volatile Organic Compounds and Airway Inflammation’. Environmental Health 17 (1): 65. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-018-0410-1.
Łebkowska, Maria, Monika Załęska-Radziwiłł, and Agnieszka Tabernacka. 2017. ‘Adhesives Based on Formaldehyde – Environmental Problems’. BioTechnologia 1: 53–65. https://doi.org/10.5114/bta.2017.66617.
Lee, Jeong-hun, Jisoo Jeon, and Sumin Kim. 2011. ‘Green Adhesives Using Tannin and Cashew Nut Shell Liquid for Environment-Friendly Furniture Materials’. Journal of the Korea Furniture Society 22 (3): 219–29. https://koreascience.kr/article/JAKO201128451816332.pdf.
Liu, Haijing, Scott Bean, and Xiuzhi Susan Sun. 2018. ‘Camelina Protein Adhesives Enhanced by Polyelectrolyte Interaction for Plywood Applications’. Industrial Crops and Products 124 (November): 343–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.07.068.
Navarrete, P., Z. Kebbi, F. Michenot, J. Lemonon, C. Rogaume, E. Masson, Y. Rogaume, and A. Pizzi. 2013. ‘Formaldehyde and VOCs Emissions from Bio-Particleboards’. Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 27 (7): 748–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/01694243.2012.727149.
Reuben, Usaku, Ahmad F. Ismail, Abdul Latif Ahmad, Humphrey M. Maina, and Aziah Daud. 2019. ‘Indoor Air Quality and Sick Building Syndrome Among Nigerian Laboratory University Workers’. Journal of Physical Science 30 (1): 179–95. https://doi.org/10.21315/jps2019.30.1.13.
Thach, Thuan-Quoc, Dhiya Mahirah, Gerard Dunleavy, Nuraini Nazeha, Yichi Zhang, Christina En Hui Tan, Adam Charles Roberts, George Christopoulos, Chee Kiong Soh, and Josip Car. 2019. ‘Prevalence of Sick Building Syndrome and Its Association with Perceived Indoor Environmental Quality in an Asian Multi-Ethnic Working Population’. Building and Environment 166 (December): 106420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.106420.
Vineeth, S. K., Ravindra V. Gadhave, and Pradeep T. Gadekar. 2019. ‘Nanocellulose Applications in Wood Adhesives—Review’. Open Journal of Polymer Chemistry 09 (04): 63–75. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojpchem.2019.94006.
Virginia, G F, S Suhasman, and A Agussalim. 2020. ‘Tannin Adhesive Made from Snakeskin Fruit and Its Application for Laminated Wood’. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 935 (1): 012062. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/935/1/012062.
Wang, Chanchan, and Jianping Wu. 2012. ‘Preparation and Characterization of Adhesive from Spent Hen Proteins’. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 36 (July): 8–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2012.04.003.
Wu, Jindong, Jiantao Weng, Bing Xia, Yujie Zhao, and Qiuji Song. 2021. ‘The Synergistic Effect of PM2.5 and CO2 Concentrations on Occupant Satisfaction and Work Productivity in a Meeting Room’. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18 (8): 4109. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084109.
Yu, Chuck W.F., and Jeong Tai Kim. 2012. ‘Long-Term Impact of Formaldehyde and VOC Emissions from Wood-Based Products on Indoor Environments; and Issues with Recycled Products’. Indoor and Built Environment 21 (1): 137–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326X11424330.
Yue, Li, Ruiqing Shi, Zhang Yi, Sheldon Q. Shi, Qiang Gao, and Jianzhang Li. 2020. ‘A High-Performance Soybean Meal-Based Plywood Adhesive Prepared via an Ultrasonic Process and Using Significantly Lower Amounts of Chemical Additives’. Journal of Cleaner Production 274 (November): 123017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123017.
Zhu, Xiangwei, Donghai Wang, Ningbo Li, and Xiuzhi Susan Sun. 2017. ‘Bio-Based Wood Adhesive from Camelina Protein (a Biodiesel Residue) and Depolymerized Lignin with Improved Water Resistance’. ACS Omega 2 (11): 7996–8004. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.7b01093.