The application of sacredness in temple architecture – Buddhist museum
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Published:
May 14, 2022
Keywords:
Contextuality, Sacredness, Temple - museum
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Abstract
Buddhism is one of the oldest religions in the world, and the development has led to a great change in the typology of Buddhist architecture, and caused a complex scope of the concept. This complexity is due to the absence of architectural literature that regulates the addition of supporting functions, such as profane and sacred value, in improving Buddhists' education. However, the addition of a profane function reduces sacred value and act of worship, opposes architectural design, and defiles ritual activities. Furthermore, one of the functions that provide education as well as a personal approach to Buddhism is the museum. This research aims to examine the contextual relationship between main and supporting functions, namely the sacred (worship building) and the profane (museum), respectively. And also, to display the sacred value through architectural characteristics. The analytical method used the theory of sacredness and contextuality. This was further elaborated in various architectural scopes to produce a relationship between temples and museums, that apply sacred values according to Buddhist philosophy. The research leads to differences in principles application, such as orientation, hierarchy, boundary scope, geometric shapes, symmetry, repetition, material appearance, shape synergy, zoning, processions, atmospheric ambiguity, symbolic objects, boundary guards, and gathering areas.
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Salim, Singgih, Rahadhian Prajudi Herwindo, and Yuswadi Saliya. 2022. “The Application of Sacredness in Temple Architecture – Buddhist Museum”. ARTEKS : Jurnal Teknik Arsitektur 7 (1), 11-22. https://doi.org/10.30822/arteks.v7i1.1087.
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ARTICLES-RESEARCH
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William Penn Foundation. 2007. Sense of Place: Design Guidelines for New Construction in Historic Districts. Philadelphia: Preservation Alliance for Greater Philadelphia. http://www.preservationalliance.com/publications/SenseofPlace_final.pdf.
Barrie, Thomas. 2013. The Sacred In-between: The Mediating Roles of Architecture. The Sacred In-Between: The Mediating Roles of Architecture. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315881119.
Brolin, Brent C. 1980. Architecture in Context: Fitting New Buildings with Old. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Cahyawan; Yuswadi Saliya, Meidy Charista. 2017. ‘Similarities and Differences in the Spatial Pattern and Form of Buddhist Buildings of Worship on Bali’. Riset Arsitektur (RISA) 1 (04): 413–26. https://doi.org/10.26593/risa.v1i04.2758.413-426.
Carrier, David. 2006. Museum Skepticism: A History of the Display of Art in Public Galleries. Durham, London: Duke University Press. https://is.muni.cz/el/1421/jaro2016/ESB070/um/61694259/David_Carrier_Art_Museum_Narratives.pdf.
Cianca, Jenn. 2018. Sacred Ritual, Profane Space: The Roman House as Early Christian Meeting Place. 3rd ed. Canada: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
Çizgen, Gültekin. 2012. ‘Rethinking The Role of Context and Contextualism in Architecture and Design’. Eastern Mediterranean University. http://i-rep.emu.edu.tr:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11129/348/Cizgen.pdf?sequence=1.
Durkheim, Émile. 2001. The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
Eliade, Mircea. 1987. The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of Religion. Edited by Willard R. Trask. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. https://monoskop.org/images/b/b1/Eliade_Mircea_The_Sacred_and_The_profane_1963.pdf.
Goldberger, Paul. 2003. ‘Architecture, Museums and Authenticity’. Lectures Paulgoldberger. 2003. https://www.paulgoldberger.com/lectures/architecture-museums-and-authenticity/.
Herwindo, Rahadhian Prajudi, and Elfan Kedmon. 2009. ‘Penggalian Potensi Desain Candi Dan Aplikasinya Dalam Arsitektur Pasca Hindu-Budha Di Jawa : Membangun Jati Diri Yang Bersumber Pada Khasanah Budaya Lokal’. Bandung. https://repository.unpar.ac.id/handle/123456789/4064.
Hoffman, Douglas, and Michael J. Crosbie. 2010. Seeking the Sacred in Contemporary Religious Architecture. 1st ed. Ohio: The Kent State University Press.
Jayawardana, Priyantha. 2001. ‘Physical Aspects of Buddhist Sacred Place in Congested Urban Context: Examination of Contemporary Buddhist Architecture in Western Province’. University of Moratuwa. http://dl.lib.uom.lk/handle/123/10205.
Jones, Lindsay. 1993. ‘The Hermeneutics of Sacred Architecture: A Reassessment of the Similitude between Tula, Hidalgo and Chichen Itza, Yucatan, Part II’. History of Religions 32 (4): 315–42.
Karim, Khairulnizam Mat, and Mohd Anuar Awang Idris. 2013. ‘Epistemologi Menurut Perspektif Agama Budha: Satu Huraian Awal’. Jurnal Kolej Islam Pahang Sultan Ahmad Shah (KIPSAS) 13: 46–59. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Khairulnizam-Karim/publication/260038834_Epistemologi_Menurut_Perspektif_Agama_Buddha_Satu_Huraian_Awal_Epistemology_From_The_Buddhism_Perspective_A_Preliminary/links/00b4952f32d34d8180000000/Epistemologi-Menurut-Persp.
Maranda, Lymn. 2018. ‘Museology and the Sacred’. In Museology and the Sacred, edited by François Mairesse, 118. Tehran, Iran: ICOFOM. https://icofom.mini.icom.museum/wp-content/uploads/sites/18/2018/12/Icofom_mono_Sacred_version_nume__rique2.pdf.
Minucciani, Valeria. 2013. ‘Considerations in Relation to the Museography for Objects of a Religious Nature’. In Religion and Museums: Immaterial and Material Heritage, edited by Valeria Minucciani. Torino, Italy: Umberto Allemandi & C. https://www.frh-europe.org/cms/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Religion-and-Museums.pdf.
Nöth, Winfried. 1990. Handbook of Semiotics. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press.
Paine, Crispin. 2013. Religious Objects in Museums: Private Lives and Public Duties. 1st ed. England, UK: Routledge.
Paramitha, Nadya Wicitra. 2019. ‘Makna Sakral Pada Konfigurasi Arsitektur Masjid’. Universitas Katolik Parahyangan. https://repository.unpar.ac.id/handle/123456789/9870.
Plate, S. Brent. 2017. ‘Getting Religion in the Museum’. Sacred Matters. 2017. https://sacredmattersmagazine.com/getting-religion-in-the-museum/.
Salura, Purnama, Bachtiar Fauzy, and Rudy Trisno. 2015. ‘Relasi Liturgi Dengan Ekspresi Bentuk Sakral Arsitektur Gereja Katolik’. Bandung.
Schumacher, Thomas L. 1996. ‘Contextualism: Urban Ideals and Deformations’. In Theorizing a New Agenda for Architecture: An Anthology of Architectural Theory, 1965-1995, edited by Kate Nesbitt. New York: Princeton Architectural Press.
Smith, Jonathan Z. 1992. To Take Place: Toward Theory in Ritual. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Varley, Helen. 2011. The Buddha and His Teachings. Leicestershire: Anness Publishing.
Wecker, Menachem. 2014. ‘When Religious Art Is Displayed, Secular Museums May Become Sacred Spaces’. DeseretNews. 2014. https://www.deseret.com/2014/1/3/20532382/when-religious-art-is-displayed-secular-museums-may-become-sacred-spaces#someone-drawing-religious-sculptures-at-the-art-institute-of-chicago.
Wenli, Zhang. 2018. ‘The Sacred: A Museum or a Temple’. In Museology and the Sacred, edited by François Mairesse, 234. Tehran, Iran: ICOFOM. https://icofom.mini.icom.museum/wp-content/uploads/sites/18/2018/12/Icofom_mono_Sacred_version_nume__rique2.pdf.
William Penn Foundation. 2007. Sense of Place: Design Guidelines for New Construction in Historic Districts. Philadelphia: Preservation Alliance for Greater Philadelphia. http://www.preservationalliance.com/publications/SenseofPlace_final.pdf.